Poisonous Plants of the Appalachian Trail
Unless you plan on feasting upon nature's bounty, there are really only eight plants which you need to beware of while hiking or camping in the Appalachian Mountains. These eight plants are known to cause poisoning, or rather dermatitis, upon contact. A few of these plants are only found in low areas, along roads or streams, or in specific regions, so it is unlikely that you will encounter all of them unless you are traveling over a long stretch of the Trail. Although a few of these plants are edible or medicinal when harvested and prepared correctly, they are best avoided by the uninitiated.
These eight plants are listed below along with a suggested method for memorizing the Itchy Eight of the Appalachians:
Atlantic Poison Oak
Common name: Poison Oak
Scientific names: Toxicodendron pubescens, Rhus toxicodendron
Toxic parts: All parts
Duration: Perennial
Habitat: Thickets, new growth forests, dry and sandy fields
Height: 2-4 ft.
Bloom color: Yellow
Bloom time: March-April
Leaves: Alternate, trifoliate, lobed, hairy (resembling White Oak), about 6 inches in length
Fruit: Greenish white, round, ¼ in. diameter
Description: Atlantic Poison Oak is an erect shrub between 1 ft. to 3 ft. in height. The leaves are approximately 6 in. long, alternate, with three leaflets often resembling the leaf of the white oak. The leaflets are normally hairy and variable in size and shape, turning yellow or orangish-red in autumn. The fruit is tannish-white or greenish-white, small drupes, covered with a velvety pubescence (fuzz).
Look-alikes: Staghorn Sumac (Rhus Typhina ), Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans ) and Western Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii ).
Special Notes: You are not that likely to encounter this plant unless you venture into low land areas in the southeast, but you may, on occasion, encounter Poison Oak.
Eastern Poison Ivy
Common name: Poison Ivy
Scientific names: Toxicodendron radicans, Rhus radicans
Toxic parts: All parts
Duration: Perennial
Habitat: Wooded edges, rocky areas, open fields, many soil types
Height: 6-18 in. (groundcover), up to 4 ft. (shrub)
Bloom color: White, green or brown
Bloom time: April-June
Leaves: Alternate, trifoliate, ovate, dentate
Fruit: Amber, ¼ in. diameter
Description: Poison Ivy is not a true Ivy (Hedera). It can either be a woody vine, a groundcover, or a shrub. The height of Poison Ivy is variable. The leaves are trifoliate with three almond-shaped leaflets containing few or no teeth. The leaflets are alternate and approximately 1-4 inches long with either a light or dark green color. Leaflets are smooth on top, sometimes shiny, turning reddish in the autumn. The fruit, which is small drupes, is amber or grayish-white in color.
Look-alikes: Virgin's Bower (Clematis virginiana ), Box-elder (Acer negundo), Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia ), Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix ), Atlantic Poison Oak (Toxicodendron pubescens ), Western Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii ), blackberries and raspberries (Rubus spp. ) and Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica ).
Special notes: This plant is used by some homeopaths to create the remedy Rhus tox. Eastern Poison Ivy is found throughout the Appalachian Mountains.
Nettles
Common name: Nettles
Scientific name: Urtica spp.
Toxic parts: Stinging hairs on stems and leaves
Duration: Mostly perennial, some annual
Habitat: Thickets, roadsides, waste grounds, fields, fertile soil
Height: 2-4 ft.
Bloom color: Green
Bloom time: June-September
Leaves: Opposite pairs, elliptic, lanceolate, ovate or circular, serrate, hairy
Description: There are 30-45 species of nettles in the genus Urtica . Most are perennial, but some are annual, and most contain stinging hairs on both the leaves and the stems. They are generally 2-4 ft. in height, but can grow larger. The leaves and stalks are opposite pairs, with leaf blades that are either elliptic, lanceolate, ovate or circular, and usually serrated or toothed.
Look-alikes: Lamium spp.
Special notes: Nettles are used in the preparation of medicines, as teas, and also steamed and eaten as a cooked green.
Poison Sumac
Common name: Poison Sumac
Scientific names: Toxicodendron vernix, Rhus vernix
Toxic parts: All parts
Duration: Perennial
Habitat: Wet soil, swamps, bogs, flood plains, wet slopes, stream-banks
Height: up to 15 ft.
Bloom color: Yellow, green or brown
Bloom time: June-July
Leaves: Alternate, pinnate, ovate, entire
Fruit: White drupes, ¼-⅓ in. diameter
Description: Poison Sumac is a small tree or large woody shrub that grows up to 15 ft. in height. It has alternate pinnate leaves with 7-13 entire, or toothless leaflets. It can be distinguished by its red rachis (stem which connects the leaflets) and its smooth shiny leaves. The leaflets are 2-4 inches long and green to greenish yellow, changing to yellow, red, or deep purple in the autumn. The fruit begins as greenish drupes then changing to white when ripe.
Look-alikes: Other sumacs
Special notes: You will only come across Poison Sumac in very wet soils or flood plains.
Trumpet Creeper
Common names: Trumpet Creeper, Trumpet Vine, Cow-itch Vine
Scientific name: Campsis radicans
Toxic parts: Sap, leaves and flowers
Duration: Perennial
Habitat: In trees, moist woods, fence-rows
Height: up to 35 ft. (vine)
Bloom color: Red or orangish yellow
Bloom time: June-September
Leaves: Opposite, pinnate, elliptic, lanceolate, obovate or ovate, dentate
Fruit: Brown, 3-5 in. long
Description: Trumpet Creeper is a large woody vine and perennial best known for its large trumpet-like flowers. The leaves are opposite, pinnate, ovate and dark green with 4-6 pairs of leaflets. The leaves are 2-4 inches long. From June-September its large trumpet-like flowers bloom in beautiful orange to red colors. The fruit is a brown pod usually about 3-5 inches in length.
Look-alikes: Sometimes inexperienced individuals mistake the Trumpet Creeper for Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans ).
Special Notes: Hummingbirds love the Trumpet Creeper. It will most likely be encountered along fence-rows, and occasionally growing on telephone poles.
Western Poison Ivy
Common names: Poison ivy
Scientific name: Toxicodendron rydbergii
Toxic parts: All parts
Duration: Perennial
Habitat: Woods, thickets, moist soils
Height: 2-7 ft.
Bloom color: White or yellow
Bloom time: May-July
Leaves: Alternate, trifoliate, ovate, variously lobed
Fruit: Yellowish, small, round, ¼ in. diameter
Description: Western Poison Ivy is an upright woody shrub growing between 2-7 feet in height. The alternate, bright-green leaves are trifoliate with three ovate to rhombic leaflets, 1-6 inches long. The leaflets are round, dentate or entire. Leaflets are smooth on top, sometimes shiny, turning reddish in the autumn. The fruit, which is small drupes, is round and yellowish in color.
Look-alikes: Virgin's Bower (Clematis virginiana ), Box-elder (Acer negrundo ), Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia ), Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix ), Atlantic Poison Oak (Toxicodendron pubescens ), Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans ), Blackberries and raspberries (Rubus spp. ) and Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica ).
Special Notes: This plant is used by some homeopaths to create the remedy Rhus tox. Like Eastern Poison Ivy, Western Poison Ivy is found throughout the Appalachian Mountains.
Wild Parsnip
Common name: Wild Parsnip
Scientific name: Pastinaca sativa
Toxic Parts: Shoots and leaves (phytophototoxic)
Duration: Biennial
Habitat: Roadsides, waste places
Height: 2-5 ft.
Bloom color: Golden or yellow
Bloom time: May-July, October
Leaves: Alternate, pinnate, ovate, toothed
Description: The Wild Parsnip is a biennial plant that is 2-5 feet tall and occasionally branching. The alternate leaves are oddly pinnate with 9 hairless leaflets. The individual leaflets are 3 inches long, ovate or elliptic, and 2 inches wide with course teeth (usually more than 8). The yellow flowers (late spring thru mid-summer) form a compound umbel which is 3 to 8 inches across.
Look-alikes: Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum) and Water Hemlock (Cicuta spp.) - a mouthful or a nibble of these is enough to kill you, if ingested.
Special Notes: The root of the parsnip is edible, but the shoots and leaves contain a photosensitive chemical which can cause a horrible reaction (phytophotodermatitis) if the substance gets on the skin and is exposed to sunlight (think chemical burns).
Wood-Nettle
Common names: Wood-nettle, Canadian Wood-nettle
Scientific name: Laportea canadensis
Toxic parts: Stinging hairs on all parts
Duration: Perennial
Habitat: Moist rich woods, stream-banks, drainage areas
Height: 1-4 ft.
Bloom color: Yellow, or whitish green
Bloom time: June-September
Leaves: Alternate, ovate, serrate
Description: The Wood-nettle has plenty of stinging hairs. It is an annual or perennial which grows between 1 to 4 feet in height. The leaves are ovate, with sharply toothed margins and heart-shaped bases. The alternate leaves are up to 6 inches in length and medium to dark green in color. The leaves are hairy and the stems and petioles are covered in stinging hairs.
Look-alikes: Urtica spp.
Special notes: Most likely to be encountered along stream-banks or other moist wooded locations.
The Itchy Eight of the Appalachians
It can be difficult for some to memorize the eight itchy plants of the Appalachian Mountain region, and it is often even more difficult to remember what they all look like. There is no one rule for identifying poisonous plants, but in general if the plants have any of the following characteristics you probably ought to avoid them:
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Shiny leaves
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Hairy leaves (look at the underside) or stem
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Red rachis (think stem, twig, branch)
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Red hairy vine
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Milky sap
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Umbrella-like flowers
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Pungent smell
Here is the way I remember the Itchy Eight of the Appalachians:
These eight itchy plants you ought to avoid,
if you don't watch out you will be annoyed.
Steer clear of parsnip, and away from poison oak,
the creeping trumpet, and the ivy rope,
the ivy bush and the nettle of wood,
poison sumac, nettles and all will be good.
These eight itchy plants you ought to avoid,
if you don't watch out you will be annoyed.
Comments
AUTHORTamarajo - A whole ditch full? Ouch! I am particularly susceptible to that evil little plant. I am one of those people who will get poison ivy just by looking at it (apparently it is safe to look at pictures though - ha). One time I got poison ivy in my boots, somehow, and it was one of the worst experiences of my life!
The photos are a great help. I have an entire ditch full of poison ivy and woody area infested with sumac. I have lots of work to do.
I am keeping the parsnips however as their root is edible.
useful info.
- AUTHOR
Thank you Greensleeves Hubs! I agree. I have lived in the Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania my whole life. My brother and I used to play in the deep woods all day long, picking berries, climbing trees, and such. I probably had at least as many run-ins with vicious plants as I did animals, though I can count those times on one hand.
Those times, growing up in the Pocono Mountains where probably the most memorable days of my life, in which, I probably learned more about nature than all other times in my life combined.
Interesting and useful page for anyone travelling in the region, or with an interest in wild plants. Of course I would agree with the point about stinging nettles - like the thorns on blackberry plants, the function of stinging hairs on nettles is to protect the plants, precisely because the leaves are good to eat.
People think of plants as being docile and passive don't they? The truth is they can be as nasty and vicious as any animal! Good page.
- AUTHOR
Thanks for the comments.
MelissaBarrett - Yes. If I was not clear enough, the stingers found on nettles are not poisonous, just irritants. Nettles are safe for consumption AFTER proper preparation.
Deborah-Diane - thanks for commenting. I was actually wondering why there was really nothing available online concerning this specific topic for that very reason.
This article will be very helpful to tourists on the Appalacian Trail, too!
This is a wonderful hub. I live in West Virginia so I am quite familiar with all of these plants! I would like to note one thing, the bristles on nettles aren't really poisonous. They are irritants by their shape and size. I'd hate for people to stop using the herbal remedies made from stinging nettle for fear of poisoning :)
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